Medically Reviewed by Dr Welras Long (M.B.B.S, Singapore. MRCS, England)
Understanding the dynamics of body temperature in children is essential for parents and caregivers to monitor their health effectively. Children often experience fevers, and it’s common for parents to wonder whether their temperatures are higher than those of adults.
This article explores the differences in body temperature between children and adults, along with guidelines for when to be concerned about a child’s temperature, providing valuable insights for caregivers in Singapore.
Body Temperature in Children vs. Adults
Children typically have higher baseline temperatures than adults. A child’s normal body temperature can range from 36.1°C to 37.9°C, whereas the average adult body temperature is around 37°C. However, individual variations exist, and factors such as age, activity level, and time of day can influence body temperature readings.
Understanding Fever in Children
Fever is a common symptom in children and is often an indication that the body is fighting off an infection or illness. A fever occurs when the body’s internal thermostat, located in the hypothalamus of the brain, is set to a higher temperature in response to an invading pathogen. While fevers can be unsettling for parents, they are usually harmless and serve as a natural defense mechanism.
When to Be Concerned About Children’s Fever
While most fevers in children are benign and resolve on their own, there are instances when caregivers should be concerned about a child’s temperature. Here are some guidelines for when to seek medical attention:
Age of the Child
Infants under three months old with a rectal temperature of 38°C or higher should be evaluated by a healthcare professional immediately. Fever in newborns can be a sign of a serious infection and requires prompt medical attention.
Duration of Fever
If a child’s fever persists for more than three days or is accompanied by other concerning symptoms such as difficulty breathing, severe headache, or stiff neck, medical evaluation is warranted. Prolonged fever may indicate an underlying infection or inflammatory condition that requires treatment.
Temperature and Behavior
Pay attention to how the child is behaving along with their temperature. If a child has a high fever but is alert, responsive, and drinking fluids, it may not be cause for immediate concern. However, if a child is lethargic, irritable, or unresponsive, seek medical attention promptly.
Underlying Medical Conditions
Children with underlying medical conditions such as asthma, diabetes, or immunodeficiency may be at higher risk of complications from fever. Caregivers should consult their healthcare provider for guidance on managing fever in these cases.
Managing Fever in Children
While fever itself is not harmful, caregivers can take steps to make a child more comfortable and monitor their condition:
- Fluid Intake: Encourage the child to drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration, especially if they have a fever.
- Comfort Measures: Use appropriate fever-reducing medications such as acetaminophen (paracetamol) or ibuprofen to alleviate discomfort and reduce fever. Follow dosage instructions carefully and consult a healthcare professional if unsure.
- Monitor Symptoms: Keep track of the child’s temperature and symptoms, and seek medical advice if there are any concerns or if the fever persists or worsens.
- Rest: Ensure the child gets adequate rest to aid in recovery from illness.
When to Seek Medical Attention
While most fevers in children are self-limiting and resolve without complications, certain warning signs warrant immediate medical attention:
- Seizures: If a child experiences a seizure (convulsion) associated with fever, seek emergency medical care.
- Difficulty Breathing: Rapid or labored breathing, chest pain, or bluish discoloration of the lips or nails may indicate respiratory distress and require urgent evaluation.
- Dehydration: Signs of dehydration such as dry mouth, sunken eyes, decreased urination, or lethargy warrant prompt medical attention.
- Rash: If a child develops a rash along with fever, particularly if it does not blanch (turn white) when pressed, seek medical advice promptly.
Recognizing Fever-Related Complications
Febrile Seizures
Febrile seizures are convulsions triggered by a sudden spike in body temperature, most commonly affecting children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years. Although alarming, febrile seizures are generally not harmful and do not cause long-term health issues.
Signs of Febrile Seizures
- Uncontrollable shaking or jerking of limbs
- Loss of consciousness
- Rolling eyes
- Stiffening of the body
Action Steps: If a child experiences a febrile seizure, remain calm, and ensure they are in a safe position. Place the child on their side to prevent choking and do not put anything in their mouth. Seek medical attention immediately to determine the cause of the fever and to receive appropriate care.
Dehydration
Children with a fever are at higher risk of dehydration due to increased body temperature and fluid loss through sweating. Dehydration can become severe if not addressed promptly.
Signs of Dehydration
- Dry mouth and tongue
- Sunken eyes
- Reduced urine output
- Crying without tears
- Lethargy or irritability
Action Steps: Ensure the child drinks plenty of fluids. Oral rehydration solutions can be particularly effective. If dehydration signs persist, consult a healthcare professional promptly.
Severe Infections
Sometimes, fever in children can be a sign of more serious infections such as meningitis, pneumonia, or urinary tract infections (UTIs).
Signs of Severe Infections
- Persistent high fever (above 40°C)
- Difficulty breathing
- Severe headache or neck stiffness
- Rash that doesn’t fade with pressure
- Persistent vomiting or diarrhea
- Extreme fatigue or unresponsiveness
Action Steps: If you notice any of these symptoms, seek immediate medical attention. Early diagnosis and treatment of severe infections are crucial for preventing complications.
Kawasaki Disease
Kawasaki disease is a rare but serious condition that primarily affects children under the age of 5. It causes inflammation of the blood vessels and can lead to heart complications if not treated.
Signs of Kawasaki Disease
- High fever lasting more than five days
- Red eyes without discharge
- Rash on the body
- Swollen, red lips and tongue (strawberry tongue)
- Swollen hands and feet with peeling skin
Action Steps: If your child exhibits symptoms of Kawasaki disease, seek medical attention immediately. Early treatment is vital to prevent long-term heart issues.
Heat Exhaustion and Heatstroke
In hot climates like Singapore, fever can exacerbate the risk of heat exhaustion or heat stroke, especially in children who are active outdoors.
Signs of Heat Exhaustion
- Heavy sweating
- Pale, clammy skin
- Fast, weak pulse
- Nausea or vomiting
- Dizziness or fainting
Signs of Heatstroke
- High body temperature (above 39°C)
- Hot, dry skin
- Rapid, strong pulse
- Confusion or unconsciousness
Action Steps: Move the child to a cooler environment, hydrate them, and apply cool, wet cloths to their skin. For heat stroke, seek emergency medical care immediately, as it is a life-threatening condition.
The Role of Health Screening Clinics in Children Care
Health screening clinics play a vital role in a child’s health, providing comprehensive assessments, preventive care, and guidance for parents and caregivers. These clinics offer children consultations, vaccinations, and health screenings tailored to the unique needs of children at different stages of development.
By partnering with experienced healthcare professionals, parents can receive personalized recommendations for managing childhood fevers and promoting overall well-being.
Conclusion
Understanding the nuances of fever in children is crucial for parents and caregivers to navigate their child’s health effectively. While children may have higher baseline temperatures than adults, fever is a natural response to infection and usually resolves without complications.
However, caregivers should be vigilant for warning signs that warrant medical attention, such as persistent fever, severe symptoms, or signs of dehydration. For comprehensive child care and guidance on managing childhood fevers, visit Keystone Clinic & Surgery.
References
Nuh.com.sg. 2022. Fever. https://www.nuh.com.sg/our-services/Specialties/Paediatrics/Documents/Fever.pdf
Smj.org.sg. 1996. Childhood Fever. http://www.smj.org.sg/sites/default/files/3701/3701ia2.pdf
Singhealth.com.sg. 2024. Fever. https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/fever-childhood-illnesses
Healthhub.sg. 2023. Fever in Children. https://www.healthhub.sg/a-z/diseases-and-conditions/common-childhood-conditions-fever
NUH.com.sg. Fever Children. https://www.nuh.com.sg/Health-Information/Diseases-Conditions/Pages/Fever-(Children).aspx
NCBI.nlm.nih.gov. 2017. Fever in Children: Pearls and Pitfalls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5615271/
Nuh.com.sg. Febrile Seizure (Children). https://www.nuh.com.sg/Health-Information/Diseases-Conditions/Pages/Febrile-Seizure-(Children).aspx
Msdmanuals.com. 2023. Fever in Infants and Children. https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-sg/home/children-s-health-issues/symptoms-in-infants-and-children/fever-in-infants-and-children